Tai Ahom

The Tai Ahom, or simply Ahom, are an ethnic group primarily residing in the Indian states of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. They are descendants of the Tai people who migrated into the Brahmaputra Valley of Assam in 1228, led by Sukaphaa, a Tai prince from Mong Mao (in present-day Yunnan Province, China). Over time, these migrants intermingled with local indigenous populations, creating a unique admixed community. Sukaphaa and his approximately 9,000 followers established the Ahom Kingdom, which ruled much of the Brahmaputra Valley from 1228 to 1826—nearly 600 years—until it fell under British control following the Treaty of Yandabo after the First Anglo-Burmese War.

The Ahom Kingdom was notable for its resilience, successfully resisting Mughal invasions in the 16th and 17th centuries and expanding westward, which earned it recognition in historical records. This expansion, however, made the Tai Ahom a minority within their own kingdom, as they absorbed various local ethnic groups through a process called "Ahomisation." This process involved integrating groups like the Tibeto-Burman Borahis, Morans, and others into their fold, either through intermarriage or allegiance, blending Tai traditions with local Tibeto-Burman cultures.

Originally, the Ahom maintained their Tai language and traditional religion, which centered on ancestor worship and animistic beliefs, including rituals like Ban-Phi (involving animal sacrifice) and Phuralung (a non-sacrificial rite). They documented their history in chronicles called *Buranjis*, written in the Ahom script, a derivative of the Tai Nuea script. However, by the 17th century, the Ahom court and populace began adopting the Assamese language and Hindu practices like Ekasarana Dharma, Shaktism, and Saivism, largely abandoning their original tongue and faith. By the early 19th century, the Ahom language was extinct in daily use, though some priestly families preserved it for religious purposes.

Today, the Ahom population is estimated at around 2 million per the latest census, though some suggest up to 8 million Assamese speakers may trace genetic descent from them. They are concentrated in Upper Assam districts such as Golaghat, Jorhat, Sibsagar, Charaideo, Dibrugarh, and Tinsukia. Culturally, they are a syncretic blend of Tai and indigenous influences, with efforts since the late 20th century to revive their language and traditions, including the use of the Ahom script (now part of the Unicode Consortium). Classified as an Other Backward Class (OBC) in India, there’s an ongoing push for Scheduled Tribe status. Their legacy endures in Assam’s history, marked by their long rule and contributions to the region’s cultural mosaic.